1 mailto(rsync-bugs@samba.org)
2 manpage(rsync)(1)(17 Apr 2004)()()
3 manpagename(rsync)(faster, flexible replacement for rcp)
6 rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST:DEST
8 rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST:SRC DEST
10 rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... DEST
12 rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST::SRC [DEST]
14 rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST::DEST
16 rsync [OPTION]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC [DEST]
18 rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST
22 rsync is a program that behaves in much the same way that rcp does,
23 but has many more options and uses the rsync remote-update protocol to
24 greatly speed up file transfers when the destination file already
27 The rsync remote-update protocol allows rsync to transfer just the
28 differences between two sets of files across the network connection, using
29 an efficient checksum-search algorithm described in the technical
30 report that accompanies this package.
32 Some of the additional features of rsync are:
35 it() support for copying links, devices, owners, groups and permissions
36 it() exclude and exclude-from options similar to GNU tar
37 it() a CVS exclude mode for ignoring the same files that CVS would ignore
38 it() can use any transparent remote shell, including ssh or rsh
39 it() does not require root privileges
40 it() pipelining of file transfers to minimize latency costs
41 it() support for anonymous or authenticated rsync servers (ideal for
45 manpagesection(GENERAL)
47 There are eight different ways of using rsync. They are:
50 it() for copying local files. This is invoked when neither
51 source nor destination path contains a : separator
53 it() for copying from the local machine to a remote machine using
54 a remote shell program as the transport (such as ssh or
55 rsh). This is invoked when the destination path contains a
58 it() for copying from a remote machine to the local machine
59 using a remote shell program. This is invoked when the source
60 contains a : separator.
62 it() for copying from a remote rsync server to the local
63 machine. This is invoked when the source path contains a ::
64 separator or an rsync:// URL.
66 it() for copying from the local machine to a remote rsync
67 server. This is invoked when the destination path contains a ::
68 separator or an rsync:// URL.
70 it() for copying from a remote machine using a remote shell
71 program as the transport, using rsync server on the remote
72 machine. This is invoked when the source path contains a ::
73 separator and the --rsh=COMMAND (aka "-e COMMAND") option is
76 it() for copying from the local machine to a remote machine
77 using a remote shell program as the transport, using rsync
78 server on the remote machine. This is invoked when the
79 destination path contains a :: separator and the
80 --rsh=COMMAND option is also provided.
82 it() for listing files on a remote machine. This is done the
83 same way as rsync transfers except that you leave off the
87 Note that in all cases (other than listing) at least one of the source
88 and destination paths must be local.
92 See the file README for installation instructions.
94 Once installed, you can use rsync to any machine that you can access via
95 a remote shell (as well as some that you can access using the rsync
96 daemon-mode protocol). For remote transfers, a modern rsync uses ssh
97 for its communications, but it may have been configured to use a
98 different remote shell by default, such as rsh or remsh.
100 You can also specify any remote shell you like, either by using the -e
101 command line option, or by setting the RSYNC_RSH environment variable.
103 One common substitute is to use ssh, which offers a high degree of
106 Note that rsync must be installed on both the source and destination
109 manpagesection(USAGE)
111 You use rsync in the same way you use rcp. You must specify a source
112 and a destination, one of which may be remote.
114 Perhaps the best way to explain the syntax is with some examples:
116 quote(rsync *.c foo:src/)
118 This would transfer all files matching the pattern *.c from the
119 current directory to the directory src on the machine foo. If any of
120 the files already exist on the remote system then the rsync
121 remote-update protocol is used to update the file by sending only the
122 differences. See the tech report for details.
124 quote(rsync -avz foo:src/bar /data/tmp)
126 This would recursively transfer all files from the directory src/bar on the
127 machine foo into the /data/tmp/bar directory on the local machine. The
128 files are transferred in "archive" mode, which ensures that symbolic
129 links, devices, attributes, permissions, ownerships, etc. are preserved
130 in the transfer. Additionally, compression will be used to reduce the
131 size of data portions of the transfer.
133 quote(rsync -avz foo:src/bar/ /data/tmp)
135 A trailing slash on the source changes this behavior to avoid creating an
136 additional directory level at the destination. You can think of a trailing
137 / on a source as meaning "copy the contents of this directory" as opposed
138 to "copy the directory by name", but in both cases the attributes of the
139 containing directory are transferred to the containing directory on the
140 destination. In other words, each of the following commands copies the
141 files in the same way, including their setting of the attributes of
144 quote(rsync -avz /src/foo /dest)
145 quote(rsync -avz /src/foo/ /dest/foo)
147 You can also use rsync in local-only mode, where both the source and
148 destination don't have a ':' in the name. In this case it behaves like
149 an improved copy command.
151 quote(rsync somehost.mydomain.com::)
153 This would list all the anonymous rsync modules available on the host
154 somehost.mydomain.com. (See the following section for more details.)
157 manpagesection(CONNECTING TO AN RSYNC SERVER)
159 It is also possible to use rsync without a remote shell as the
160 transport. In this case you will connect to a remote rsync server
161 running on TCP port 873.
163 You may establish the connection via a web proxy by setting the
164 environment variable RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair pointing to
165 your web proxy. Note that your web proxy's configuration must support
166 proxy connections to port 873.
168 Using rsync in this way is the same as using it with a remote shell except
172 it() you use a double colon :: instead of a single colon to
173 separate the hostname from the path or an rsync:// URL.
175 it() the remote server may print a message of the day when you
178 it() if you specify no path name on the remote server then the
179 list of accessible paths on the server will be shown.
181 it() if you specify no local destination then a listing of the
182 specified files on the remote server is provided.
185 Some paths on the remote server may require authentication. If so then
186 you will receive a password prompt when you connect. You can avoid the
187 password prompt by setting the environment variable RSYNC_PASSWORD to
188 the password you want to use or using the --password-file option. This
189 may be useful when scripting rsync.
191 WARNING: On some systems environment variables are visible to all
192 users. On those systems using --password-file is recommended.
194 manpagesection(CONNECTING TO AN RSYNC SERVER OVER A REMOTE SHELL PROGRAM)
196 It is sometimes useful to be able to set up file transfers using rsync
197 server capabilities on the remote machine, while still using ssh or
198 rsh for transport. This is especially useful when you want to connect
199 to a remote machine via ssh (for encryption or to get through a
200 firewall), but you still want to have access to the rsync server
201 features (see RUNNING AN RSYNC SERVER OVER A REMOTE SHELL PROGRAM,
204 From the user's perspective, using rsync in this way is the same as
205 using it to connect to an rsync server, except that you must
206 explicitly set the remote shell program on the command line with
207 --rsh=COMMAND. (Setting RSYNC_RSH in the environment will not turn on
210 In order to distinguish between the remote-shell user and the rsync
211 server user, you can use '-l user' on your remote-shell command:
213 quote(rsync -av --rsh="ssh -l ssh-user" rsync-user@host::module[/path] local-path)
215 The "ssh-user" will be used at the ssh level; the "rsync-user" will be
216 used to check against the rsyncd.conf on the remote host.
218 manpagesection(RUNNING AN RSYNC SERVER)
220 An rsync server is configured using a configuration file. Please see the
221 rsyncd.conf(5) man page for more information. By default the configuration
222 file is called /etc/rsyncd.conf, unless rsync is running over a remote
223 shell program and is not running as root; in that case, the default name
224 is rsyncd.conf in the current directory on the remote computer
227 manpagesection(RUNNING AN RSYNC SERVER OVER A REMOTE SHELL PROGRAM)
229 See the rsyncd.conf(5) man page for full information on the rsync
230 server configuration file.
232 Several configuration options will not be available unless the remote
233 user is root (e.g. chroot, setuid/setgid, etc.). There is no need to
234 configure inetd or the services map to include the rsync server port
235 if you run an rsync server only via a remote shell program.
237 To run an rsync server out of a single-use ssh key, see this section
238 in the rsyncd.conf(5) man page.
240 manpagesection(EXAMPLES)
242 Here are some examples of how I use rsync.
244 To backup my wife's home directory, which consists of large MS Word
245 files and mail folders, I use a cron job that runs
247 quote(rsync -Cavz . arvidsjaur:backup)
249 each night over a PPP connection to a duplicate directory on my machine
252 To synchronize my samba source trees I use the following Makefile
256 rsync -avuzb --exclude '*~' samba:samba/ .
259 rsync -Cavuzb . samba:samba/
263 this allows me to sync with a CVS directory at the other end of the
264 connection. I then do cvs operations on the remote machine, which saves a
265 lot of time as the remote cvs protocol isn't very efficient.
267 I mirror a directory between my "old" and "new" ftp sites with the
270 quote(rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~ftp/pub/samba/ nimbus:"~ftp/pub/tridge/samba")
272 this is launched from cron every few hours.
274 manpagesection(OPTIONS SUMMARY)
276 Here is a short summary of the options available in rsync. Please refer
277 to the detailed description below for a complete description.
280 -v, --verbose increase verbosity
281 -q, --quiet decrease verbosity
282 -c, --checksum always checksum
283 -a, --archive archive mode, equivalent to -rlptgoD
284 -r, --recursive recurse into directories
285 -R, --relative use relative path names
286 --no-relative turn off --relative
287 --no-implied-dirs don't send implied dirs with -R
288 -b, --backup make backups (see --suffix & --backup-dir)
289 --backup-dir make backups into this directory
290 --suffix=SUFFIX backup suffix (default ~ w/o --backup-dir)
291 -u, --update update only (don't overwrite newer files)
292 -l, --links copy symlinks as symlinks
293 -L, --copy-links copy the referent of all symlinks
294 --copy-unsafe-links copy the referent of "unsafe" symlinks
295 --safe-links ignore "unsafe" symlinks
296 -H, --hard-links preserve hard links
297 -p, --perms preserve permissions
298 -o, --owner preserve owner (root only)
299 -g, --group preserve group
300 -D, --devices preserve devices (root only)
301 -t, --times preserve times
302 -S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently
303 -n, --dry-run show what would have been transferred
304 -W, --whole-file copy whole files, no incremental checks
305 --no-whole-file turn off --whole-file
306 -x, --one-file-system don't cross filesystem boundaries
307 -B, --block-size=SIZE checksum blocking size (default 700)
308 -e, --rsh=COMMAND specify the remote shell
309 --rsync-path=PATH specify path to rsync on the remote machine
310 --existing only update files that already exist
311 --ignore-existing ignore files that already exist on receiver
312 --delete delete files that don't exist on sender
313 --delete-excluded also delete excluded files on receiver
314 --delete-after receiver deletes after transfer, not before
315 --ignore-errors delete even if there are I/O errors
316 --max-delete=NUM don't delete more than NUM files
317 --partial keep partially transferred files
318 --force force deletion of dirs even if not empty
319 --numeric-ids don't map uid/gid values by user/group name
320 --timeout=TIME set I/O timeout in seconds
321 -I, --ignore-times turn off mod time & file size quick check
322 --size-only ignore mod time for quick check (use size)
323 --modify-window=NUM compare mod times with reduced accuracy
324 -T --temp-dir=DIR create temporary files in directory DIR
325 --compare-dest=DIR also compare received files relative to DIR
326 --link-dest=DIR create hardlinks to DIR for unchanged files
327 -P equivalent to --partial --progress
328 -z, --compress compress file data
329 -C, --cvs-exclude auto ignore files in the same way CVS does
330 --exclude=PATTERN exclude files matching PATTERN
331 --exclude-from=FILE exclude patterns listed in FILE
332 --include=PATTERN don't exclude files matching PATTERN
333 --include-from=FILE don't exclude patterns listed in FILE
334 --files-from=FILE read FILE for list of source-file names
335 -0 --from0 all file lists are delimited by nulls
336 --version print version number
337 --daemon run as an rsync daemon
338 --no-detach do not detach from the parent
339 --address=ADDRESS bind to the specified address
340 --config=FILE specify alternate rsyncd.conf file
341 --port=PORT specify alternate rsyncd port number
342 --blocking-io use blocking I/O for the remote shell
343 --no-blocking-io turn off --blocking-io
344 --stats give some file transfer stats
345 --progress show progress during transfer
346 --log-format=FORMAT log file transfers using specified format
347 --password-file=FILE get password from FILE
348 --bwlimit=KBPS limit I/O bandwidth, KBytes per second
349 --write-batch=PREFIX write batch fileset starting with PREFIX
350 --read-batch=PREFIX read batch fileset starting with PREFIX
351 -h, --help show this help screen
358 rsync uses the GNU long options package. Many of the command line
359 options have two variants, one short and one long. These are shown
360 below, separated by commas. Some options only have a long variant.
361 The '=' for options that take a parameter is optional; whitespace
365 dit(bf(-h, --help)) Print a short help page describing the options
368 dit(bf(--version)) print the rsync version number and exit
370 dit(bf(-v, --verbose)) This option increases the amount of information you
371 are given during the transfer. By default, rsync works silently. A
372 single -v will give you information about what files are being
373 transferred and a brief summary at the end. Two -v flags will give you
374 information on what files are being skipped and slightly more
375 information at the end. More than two -v flags should only be used if
376 you are debugging rsync.
378 dit(bf(-q, --quiet)) This option decreases the amount of information you
379 are given during the transfer, notably suppressing information messages
380 from the remote server. This flag is useful when invoking rsync from
383 dit(bf(-I, --ignore-times)) Normally rsync will skip any files that are
384 already the same size and have the same modification time-stamp.
385 This option turns off this "quick check" behavior.
387 dit(bf(--size-only)) Normally rsync will not transfer any files that are
388 already the same size and have the same modification time-stamp. With the
389 --size-only option, files will not be transferred if they have the same size,
390 regardless of timestamp. This is useful when starting to use rsync
391 after using another mirroring system which may not preserve timestamps
394 dit(bf(--modify-window)) When comparing two timestamps rsync treats
395 the timestamps as being equal if they are within the value of
396 modify_window. This is normally zero, but you may find it useful to
397 set this to a larger value in some situations. In particular, when
398 transferring to Windows FAT filesystems which cannot represent times
399 with a 1 second resolution --modify-window=1 is useful.
401 dit(bf(-c, --checksum)) This forces the sender to checksum all files using
402 a 128-bit MD4 checksum before transfer. The checksum is then
403 explicitly checked on the receiver and any files of the same name
404 which already exist and have the same checksum and size on the
405 receiver are not transferred. This option can be quite slow.
407 dit(bf(-a, --archive)) This is equivalent to -rlptgoD. It is a quick
408 way of saying you want recursion and want to preserve almost
411 Note however that bf(-a) bf(does not preserve hardlinks), because
412 finding multiply-linked files is expensive. You must separately
415 dit(bf(-r, --recursive)) This tells rsync to copy directories
416 recursively. If you don't specify this then rsync won't copy
419 dit(bf(-R, --relative)) Use relative paths. This means that the full path
420 names specified on the command line are sent to the server rather than
421 just the last parts of the filenames. This is particularly useful when
422 you want to send several different directories at the same time. For
423 example, if you used the command
425 verb(rsync foo/bar/foo.c remote:/tmp/)
427 then this would create a file called foo.c in /tmp/ on the remote
428 machine. If instead you used
430 verb(rsync -R foo/bar/foo.c remote:/tmp/)
432 then a file called /tmp/foo/bar/foo.c would be created on the remote
433 machine -- the full path name is preserved.
435 dit(bf(--no-relative)) Turn off the --relative option. This is only
436 needed if you want to use --files-from without its implied --relative
439 dit(bf(--no-implied-dirs)) When combined with the --relative option, the
440 implied directories in each path are not explicitly duplicated as part
441 of the transfer. This makes the transfer more optimal and also allows
442 the two sides to have non-matching symlinks in the implied part of the
443 path. For instance, if you transfer the file "/path/foo/file" with -R,
444 the default is for rsync to ensure that "/path" and "/path/foo" on the
445 destination exactly match the directories/symlinks of the source. Using
446 the --no-implied-dirs option would omit both of these implied dirs,
447 which means that if "/path" was a real directory on one machine and a
448 symlink of the other machine, rsync would not try to change this.
450 dit(bf(-b, --backup)) With this option, preexisting destination files are
451 renamed as each file is transferred or deleted. You can control where the
452 backup file goes and what (if any) suffix gets appended using the
453 --backup-dir and --suffix options.
455 dit(bf(--backup-dir=DIR)) In combination with the --backup option, this
456 tells rsync to store all backups in the specified directory. This is
457 very useful for incremental backups. You can additionally
458 specify a backup suffix using the --suffix option
459 (otherwise the files backed up in the specified directory
460 will keep their original filenames).
461 If DIR is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory
462 (which changes in a recursive transfer).
464 dit(bf(--suffix=SUFFIX)) This option allows you to override the default
465 backup suffix used with the --backup (-b) option. The default suffix is a ~
466 if no --backup-dir was specified, otherwise it is an empty string.
468 dit(bf(-u, --update)) This forces rsync to skip any files for which the
469 destination file already exists and has a date later than the source
472 dit(bf(-l, --links)) When symlinks are encountered, recreate the
473 symlink on the destination.
475 dit(bf(-L, --copy-links)) When symlinks are encountered, the file that
476 they point to (the referent) is copied, rather than the symlink.
478 dit(bf(--copy-unsafe-links)) This tells rsync to copy the referent of
479 symbolic links that point outside the copied tree. Absolute symlinks
480 are also treated like ordinary files, and so are any symlinks in the
481 source path itself when --relative is used.
483 dit(bf(--safe-links)) This tells rsync to ignore any symbolic links
484 which point outside the copied tree. All absolute symlinks are
485 also ignored. Using this option in conjunction with --relative may
486 give unexpected results.
488 dit(bf(-H, --hard-links)) This tells rsync to recreate hard links on
489 the remote system to be the same as the local system. Without this
490 option hard links are treated like regular files.
492 Note that rsync can only detect hard links if both parts of the link
493 are in the list of files being sent.
495 This option can be quite slow, so only use it if you need it.
497 dit(bf(-W, --whole-file)) With this option the incremental rsync algorithm
498 is not used and the whole file is sent as-is instead. The transfer may be
499 faster if this option is used when the bandwidth between the source and
500 target machines is higher than the bandwidth to disk (especially when the
501 "disk" is actually a networked filesystem). This is the default when both
502 the source and target are on the local machine.
504 dit(bf(--no-whole-file)) Turn off --whole-file, for use when it is the
507 dit(bf(-p, --perms)) This option causes rsync to set the destination
508 permissions to be the same as the source permissions.
510 Without this option, each new file gets its permissions set based on the
511 source file's permissions and the umask at the receiving end, while all
512 other files (including updated files) retain their existing permissions
513 (which is the same behavior as other file-copy utilities, such as cp).
515 dit(bf(-o, --owner)) This option causes rsync to set the owner of the
516 destination file to be the same as the source file. On most systems,
517 only the super-user can set file ownership. By default, the preservation
518 is done by name, but may fall back to using the ID number in some
519 circumstances. See the --numeric-ids option for a full discussion.
521 dit(bf(-g, --group)) This option causes rsync to set the group of the
522 destination file to be the same as the source file. If the receiving
523 program is not running as the super-user, only groups that the
524 receiver is a member of will be preserved. By default, the preservation
525 is done by name, but may fall back to using the ID number in some
526 circumstances. See the --numeric-ids option for a full discussion.
528 dit(bf(-D, --devices)) This option causes rsync to transfer character and
529 block device information to the remote system to recreate these
530 devices. This option is only available to the super-user.
532 dit(bf(-t, --times)) This tells rsync to transfer modification times along
533 with the files and update them on the remote system. Note that if this
534 option is not used, the optimization that excludes files that have not been
535 modified cannot be effective; in other words, a missing -t or -a will
536 cause the next transfer to behave as if it used -I, and all files will have
537 their checksums compared and show up in log messages even if they haven't
540 dit(bf(-n, --dry-run)) This tells rsync to not do any file transfers,
541 instead it will just report the actions it would have taken.
543 dit(bf(-S, --sparse)) Try to handle sparse files efficiently so they take
544 up less space on the destination.
546 NOTE: Don't use this option when the destination is a Solaris "tmpfs"
547 filesystem. It doesn't seem to handle seeks over null regions
548 correctly and ends up corrupting the files.
550 dit(bf(-x, --one-file-system)) This tells rsync not to cross filesystem
551 boundaries when recursing. This is useful for transferring the
552 contents of only one filesystem.
554 dit(bf(--existing)) This tells rsync not to create any new files -
555 only update files that already exist on the destination.
557 dit(bf(--ignore-existing))
558 This tells rsync not to update files that already exist on
561 dit(bf(--max-delete=NUM)) This tells rsync not to delete more than NUM
562 files or directories. This is useful when mirroring very large trees
563 to prevent disasters.
565 dit(bf(--delete)) This tells rsync to delete any files on the receiving
566 side that aren't on the sending side. Files that are excluded from
567 transfer are excluded from being deleted unless you use --delete-excluded.
569 This option has no effect if directory recursion is not selected.
571 This option can be dangerous if used incorrectly! It is a very good idea
572 to run first using the dry run option (-n) to see what files would be
573 deleted to make sure important files aren't listed.
575 If the sending side detects any I/O errors then the deletion of any
576 files at the destination will be automatically disabled. This is to
577 prevent temporary filesystem failures (such as NFS errors) on the
578 sending side causing a massive deletion of files on the
579 destination. You can override this with the --ignore-errors option.
581 dit(bf(--delete-excluded)) In addition to deleting the files on the
582 receiving side that are not on the sending side, this tells rsync to also
583 delete any files on the receiving side that are excluded (see --exclude).
586 dit(bf(--delete-after)) By default rsync does file deletions on the
587 receiving side before transferring files to try to ensure that there is
588 sufficient space on the receiving filesystem. If you want to delete
589 after transferring, use the --delete-after switch. Implies --delete.
591 dit(bf(--ignore-errors)) Tells --delete to go ahead and delete files
592 even when there are I/O errors.
594 dit(bf(--force)) This options tells rsync to delete directories even if
595 they are not empty when they are to be replaced by non-directories. This
596 is only relevant without --delete because deletions are now done depth-first.
597 Requires the --recursive option (which is implied by -a) to have any effect.
599 dit(bf(-B , --block-size=BLOCKSIZE)) This controls the block size used in
600 the rsync algorithm. See the technical report for details.
602 dit(bf(-e, --rsh=COMMAND)) This option allows you to choose an alternative
603 remote shell program to use for communication between the local and
604 remote copies of rsync. Typically, rsync is configured to use ssh by
605 default, but you may prefer to use rsh on a local network.
607 If this option is used with bf([user@]host::module/path), then the
608 remote shell em(COMMAND) will be used to run an rsync server on the
609 remote host, and all data will be transmitted through that remote
610 shell connection, rather than through a direct socket connection to a
611 running rsync server on the remote host. See the section "CONNECTING
612 TO AN RSYNC SERVER OVER A REMOTE SHELL PROGRAM" above.
614 Command-line arguments are permitted in COMMAND provided that COMMAND is
615 presented to rsync as a single argument. For example:
617 quote(-e "ssh -p 2234")
619 (Note that ssh users can alternately customize site-specific connect
620 options in their .ssh/config file.)
622 You can also choose the remote shell program using the RSYNC_RSH
623 environment variable, which accepts the same range of values as -e.
625 See also the --blocking-io option which is affected by this option.
627 dit(bf(--rsync-path=PATH)) Use this to specify the path to the copy of
628 rsync on the remote machine. Useful when it's not in your path. Note
629 that this is the full path to the binary, not just the directory that
632 dit(bf(-C, --cvs-exclude)) This is a useful shorthand for excluding a
633 broad range of files that you often don't want to transfer between
634 systems. It uses the same algorithm that CVS uses to determine if
635 a file should be ignored.
637 The exclude list is initialized to:
639 quote(RCS SCCS CVS CVS.adm RCSLOG cvslog.* tags TAGS .make.state
640 .nse_depinfo *~ #* .#* ,* _$* *$ *.old *.bak *.BAK *.orig *.rej
641 .del-* *.a *.olb *.o *.obj *.so *.exe *.Z *.elc *.ln core .svn/)
643 then files listed in a $HOME/.cvsignore are added to the list and any
644 files listed in the CVSIGNORE environment variable (all cvsignore names
645 are delimited by whitespace).
647 Note that these cvs-exclude rules are inserted into the the user's list
648 of excludes at the point the -C/--cvs-excludes option is mentioned, so
649 any other include/exclude rules that precede the option override these
650 rules, and any options that are specified afterwards are overridden by
653 Finally, any file is ignored if it is in the same directory as a
654 .cvsignore file and matches one of the patterns listed therein.
655 There is not currently a way to override an exclude rule read from
656 a local .cvsignore file.
657 See the bf(cvs(1)) manual for more information.
659 dit(bf(--exclude=PATTERN)) This option allows you to selectively exclude
660 certain files from the list of files to be transferred. This is most
661 useful in combination with a recursive transfer.
663 You may use as many --exclude options on the command line as you like
664 to build up the list of files to exclude.
666 See the EXCLUDE PATTERNS section for detailed information on this option.
668 dit(bf(--exclude-from=FILE)) This option is similar to the --exclude
669 option, but instead it adds all exclude patterns listed in the file
670 FILE to the exclude list. Blank lines in FILE and lines starting with
671 ';' or '#' are ignored.
672 If em(FILE) is bf(-) the list will be read from standard input.
674 dit(bf(--include=PATTERN)) This option tells rsync to not exclude the
675 specified pattern of filenames. This is useful as it allows you to
676 build up quite complex exclude/include rules.
678 See the EXCLUDE PATTERNS section for detailed information on this option.
680 dit(bf(--include-from=FILE)) This specifies a list of include patterns
682 If em(FILE) is bf(-) the list will be read from standard input.
684 dit(bf(--files-from=FILE)) Using this option allows you to specify the
685 exact list of files to transfer (as read from the specified FILE or "-"
686 for stdin). It also tweaks the default behavior of rsync to make
687 transferring just the specified files and directories easier. For
688 instance, the --relative option is enabled by default when this option
689 is used (use --no-relative if you want to turn that off), all
690 directories specified in the list are created on the destination (rather
691 than being noisily skipped without -r), and the -a (--archive) option's
692 behavior does not imply -r (--recursive) -- specify it explicitly, if
695 The file names that are read from the FILE are all relative to the
696 source dir -- any leading slashes are removed and no ".." references are
697 allowed to go higher than the source dir. For example, take this
700 quote(rsync -a --files-from=/tmp/foo /usr remote:/backup)
702 If /tmp/foo contains the string "bin" (or even "/bin"), the /usr/bin
703 directory will be created as /backup/bin on the remote host (but the
704 contents of the /usr/bin dir would not be sent unless you specified -r
705 or the names were explicitly listed in /tmp/foo). Also keep in mind
706 that the effect of the (enabled by default) --relative option is to
707 duplicate only the path info that is read from the file -- it does not
708 force the duplication of the source-spec path (/usr in this case).
710 In addition, the --files-from file can be read from the remote host
711 instead of the local host if you specify a "host:" in front of the file
712 (the host must match one end of the transfer). As a short-cut, you can
713 specify just a prefix of ":" to mean "use the remote end of the
714 transfer". For example:
716 quote(rsync -a --files-from=:/path/file-list src:/ /tmp/copy)
718 This would copy all the files specified in the /path/file-list file that
719 was located on the remote "src" host.
721 dit(bf(-0, --from0)) This tells rsync that the filenames it reads from a
722 file are terminated by a null ('\0') character, not a NL, CR, or CR+LF.
723 This affects --exclude-from, --include-from, and --files-from.
724 It does not affect --cvs-exclude (since all names read from a .cvsignore
725 file are split on whitespace).
727 dit(bf(-T, --temp-dir=DIR)) This option instructs rsync to use DIR as a
728 scratch directory when creating temporary copies of the files
729 transferred on the receiving side. The default behavior is to create
730 the temporary files in the receiving directory.
732 dit(bf(--compare-dest=DIR)) This option instructs rsync to use DIR on
733 the destination machine as an additional directory to compare destination
734 files against when doing transfers if the files are missing in the
735 destination directory. This is useful for doing transfers to a new
736 destination while leaving existing files intact, and then doing a
737 flash-cutover when all files have been successfully transferred (for
738 example by moving directories around and removing the old directory,
739 although this skips files that haven't changed; see also --link-dest).
740 This option increases the usefulness of --partial because partially
741 transferred files will remain in the new temporary destination until they
742 have a chance to be completed. If DIR is a relative path, it is relative
743 to the destination directory (which changes in a recursive transfer).
745 dit(bf(--link-dest=DIR)) This option behaves like bf(--compare-dest) but
746 also will create hard links from em(DIR) to the destination directory for
747 unchanged files. Files with changed ownership or permissions will not be
749 Like bf(--compare-dest) if DIR is a relative path, it is relative
750 to the destination directory (which changes in a recursive transfer).
754 rsync -av --link-dest=$PWD/prior_dir host:src_dir/ new_dir/
757 dit(bf(-z, --compress)) With this option, rsync compresses any data from
758 the files that it sends to the destination machine. This
759 option is useful on slow connections. The compression method used is the
760 same method that gzip uses.
762 Note this this option typically achieves better compression ratios
763 that can be achieved by using a compressing remote shell, or a
764 compressing transport, as it takes advantage of the implicit
765 information sent for matching data blocks.
767 dit(bf(--numeric-ids)) With this option rsync will transfer numeric group
768 and user IDs rather than using user and group names and mapping them
771 By default rsync will use the username and groupname to determine
772 what ownership to give files. The special uid 0 and the special group
773 0 are never mapped via user/group names even if the --numeric-ids
774 option is not specified.
776 If a user or group has no name on the source system or it has no match
777 on the destination system, then the numeric ID
778 from the source system is used instead. See also the comments on the
779 "use chroot" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage for information on how
780 the chroot setting affects rsync's ability to look up the names of the
781 users and groups and what you can do about it.
783 dit(bf(--timeout=TIMEOUT)) This option allows you to set a maximum I/O
784 timeout in seconds. If no data is transferred for the specified time
785 then rsync will exit. The default is 0, which means no timeout.
787 dit(bf(--daemon)) This tells rsync that it is to run as a daemon. The
788 daemon may be accessed using the bf(host::module) or
789 bf(rsync://host/module/) syntax.
791 If standard input is a socket then rsync will assume that it is being
792 run via inetd, otherwise it will detach from the current terminal and
793 become a background daemon. The daemon will read the config file
794 (rsyncd.conf) on each connect made by a client and respond to
795 requests accordingly. See the rsyncd.conf(5) man page for more
798 dit(bf(--no-detach)) When running as a daemon, this option instructs
799 rsync to not detach itself and become a background process. This
800 option is required when running as a service on Cygwin, and may also
801 be useful when rsync is supervised by a program such as
802 bf(daemontools) or AIX's bf(System Resource Controller).
803 bf(--no-detach) is also recommended when rsync is run under a
804 debugger. This option has no effect if rsync is run from inetd or
807 dit(bf(--address)) By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address
808 when run as a daemon with the --daemon option or when connecting to a
809 rsync server. The --address option allows you to specify a specific IP
810 address (or hostname) to bind to. This makes virtual hosting possible
811 in conjunction with the --config option.
813 dit(bf(--config=FILE)) This specifies an alternate config file than
814 the default. This is only relevant when --daemon is specified.
815 The default is /etc/rsyncd.conf unless the daemon is running over
816 a remote shell program and the remote user is not root; in that case
817 the default is rsyncd.conf in the current directory (typically $HOME).
819 dit(bf(--port=PORT)) This specifies an alternate TCP port number to use
820 rather than the default port 873.
822 dit(bf(--blocking-io)) This tells rsync to use blocking I/O when launching
823 a remote shell transport. If the remote shell is either rsh or remsh,
824 rsync defaults to using
825 blocking I/O, otherwise it defaults to using non-blocking I/O. (Note that
826 ssh prefers non-blocking I/O.)
828 dit(bf(--no-blocking-io)) Turn off --blocking-io, for use when it is the
831 dit(bf(--log-format=FORMAT)) This allows you to specify exactly what the
832 rsync client logs to stdout on a per-file basis. The log format is
833 specified using the same format conventions as the log format option in
836 dit(bf(--stats)) This tells rsync to print a verbose set of statistics
837 on the file transfer, allowing you to tell how effective the rsync
838 algorithm is for your data.
840 dit(bf(--partial)) By default, rsync will delete any partially
841 transferred file if the transfer is interrupted. In some circumstances
842 it is more desirable to keep partially transferred files. Using the
843 --partial option tells rsync to keep the partial file which should
844 make a subsequent transfer of the rest of the file much faster.
846 dit(bf(--progress)) This option tells rsync to print information
847 showing the progress of the transfer. This gives a bored user
849 Implies --verbose without incrementing verbosity.
851 When the file is transferring, the data looks like this:
854 782448 63% 110.64kB/s 0:00:04
857 This tells you the current file size, the percentage of the transfer that
858 is complete, the current calculated file-completion rate (including both
859 data over the wire and data being matched locally), and the estimated time
860 remaining in this transfer.
862 After the a file is complete, it the data looks like this:
865 1238099 100% 146.38kB/s 0:00:08 (5, 57.1% of 396)
868 This tells you the final file size, that it's 100% complete, the final
869 transfer rate for the file, the amount of elapsed time it took to transfer
870 the file, and the addition of a total-transfer summary in parentheses.
871 These additional numbers tell you how many files have been updated, and
872 what percent of the total number of files has been scanned.
874 dit(bf(-P)) The -P option is equivalent to --partial --progress. I
875 found myself typing that combination quite often so I created an
876 option to make it easier.
878 dit(bf(--password-file)) This option allows you to provide a password
879 in a file for accessing a remote rsync server. Note that this option
880 is only useful when accessing an rsync server using the built in
881 transport, not when using a remote shell as the transport. The file
882 must not be world readable. It should contain just the password as a
885 dit(bf(--bwlimit=KBPS)) This option allows you to specify a maximum
886 transfer rate in kilobytes per second. This option is most effective when
887 using rsync with large files (several megabytes and up). Due to the nature
888 of rsync transfers, blocks of data are sent, then if rsync determines the
889 transfer was too fast, it will wait before sending the next data block. The
890 result is an average transfer rate equaling the specified limit. A value
891 of zero specifies no limit.
893 dit(bf(--write-batch=PREFIX)) Generate a set of files that can be
894 transferred as a batch update. Each filename in the set starts with
895 PREFIX. See the "BATCH MODE" section for details.
897 dit(bf(--read-batch=PREFIX)) Apply a previously generated change batch,
898 using the fileset whose filenames start with PREFIX. See the "BATCH
899 MODE" section for details.
903 manpagesection(EXCLUDE PATTERNS)
905 The exclude and include patterns specified to rsync allow for flexible
906 selection of which files to transfer and which files to skip.
908 Rsync builds an ordered list of include/exclude options as specified on
909 the command line. Rsync checks each file and directory
910 name against each exclude/include pattern in turn. The first matching
911 pattern is acted on. If it is an exclude pattern, then that file is
912 skipped. If it is an include pattern then that filename is not
913 skipped. If no matching include/exclude pattern is found then the
914 filename is not skipped.
916 The filenames matched against the exclude/include patterns are relative
917 to the "root of the transfer". If you think of the transfer as a
918 subtree of names that are being sent from sender to receiver, the root
919 is where the tree starts to be duplicated in the destination directory.
920 This root governs where patterns that start with a / match (see below).
922 Because the matching is relative to the transfer-root, changing the
923 trailing slash on the source path or changing your use of the --relative
924 option affects the path you need to use in your matching (in addition to
925 changing how much of the file tree is duplicated on the destination
926 system). The following examples demonstrate this.
928 Let's say that we want to match two source files, one with an absolute
929 path of "/home/me/foo/bar", and one with a path of "/home/you/bar/baz".
930 Here is how the various command choices differ for a 2-source transfer:
933 Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me /home/you /dest
934 +/- pattern: /me/foo/bar
935 +/- pattern: /you/bar/baz
936 Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
937 Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz
939 Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me/ /home/you/ /dest
940 +/- pattern: /foo/bar (note missing "me")
941 +/- pattern: /bar/baz (note missing "you")
942 Target file: /dest/foo/bar
943 Target file: /dest/bar/baz
945 Example cmd: rsync -a --relative /home/me/ /home/you /dest
946 +/- pattern: /home/me/foo/bar (note full path)
947 +/- pattern: /home/you/bar/baz (ditto)
948 Target file: /dest/home/me/foo/bar
949 Target file: /dest/home/you/bar/baz
951 Example cmd: cd /home; rsync -a --relative me/foo you/ /dest
952 +/- pattern: /me/foo/bar (starts at specified path)
953 +/- pattern: /you/bar/baz (ditto)
954 Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
955 Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz
958 The easiest way to see what name you should include/exclude is to just
959 look at the output when using --verbose and put a / in front of the name
960 (use the --dry-run option if you're not yet ready to copy any files).
962 Note that, when using the --recursive (-r) option (which is implied by -a),
963 every subcomponent of
964 every path is visited from the top down, so include/exclude patterns get
965 applied recursively to each subcomponent.
967 Note also that the --include and --exclude options take one pattern
968 each. To add multiple patterns use the --include-from and
969 --exclude-from options or multiple --include and --exclude options.
971 The patterns can take several forms. The rules are:
975 it() if the pattern starts with a / then it is matched against the
976 start of the filename, otherwise it is matched against the end of
978 This is the equivalent of a leading ^ in regular expressions.
979 Thus "/foo" would match a file called "foo" at the transfer-root
980 (see above for how this is different from the filesystem-root).
981 On the other hand, "foo" would match any file called "foo"
982 anywhere in the tree because the algorithm is applied recursively from
983 top down; it behaves as if each path component gets a turn at being the
984 end of the file name.
986 it() if the pattern ends with a / then it will only match a
987 directory, not a file, link, or device.
989 it() if the pattern contains a wildcard character from the set
990 *?[ then expression matching is applied using the shell filename
991 matching rules. Otherwise a simple string match is used.
993 it() the double asterisk pattern "**" will match slashes while a
994 single asterisk pattern "*" will stop at slashes.
996 it() if the pattern contains a / (not counting a trailing /) or a "**"
997 then it is matched against the full filename, including any leading
998 directory. If the pattern doesn't contain a / or a "**", then it is
999 matched only against the final component of the filename. Again,
1000 remember that the algorithm is applied recursively so "full filename" can
1001 actually be any portion of a path below the starting directory.
1003 it() if the pattern starts with "+ " (a plus followed by a space)
1004 then it is always considered an include pattern, even if specified as
1005 part of an exclude option. The prefix is discarded before matching.
1007 it() if the pattern starts with "- " (a minus followed by a space)
1008 then it is always considered an exclude pattern, even if specified as
1009 part of an include option. The prefix is discarded before matching.
1011 it() if the pattern is a single exclamation mark ! then the current
1012 include/exclude list is reset, removing all previously defined patterns.
1015 The +/- rules are most useful in a list that was read from a file, allowing
1016 you to have a single exclude list that contains both include and exclude
1019 If you end an exclude list with --exclude '*', note that since the
1020 algorithm is applied recursively that unless you explicitly include
1021 parent directories of files you want to include then the algorithm
1022 will stop at the parent directories and never see the files below
1023 them. To include all directories, use --include '*/' before the
1026 Here are some exclude/include examples:
1029 it() --exclude "*.o" would exclude all filenames matching *.o
1030 it() --exclude "/foo" would exclude a file called foo in the transfer-root directory
1031 it() --exclude "foo/" would exclude any directory called foo
1032 it() --exclude "/foo/*/bar" would exclude any file called bar two
1033 levels below a directory called foo in the transfer-root directory
1034 it() --exclude "/foo/**/bar" would exclude any file called bar two
1035 or more levels below a directory called foo in the transfer-root directory
1036 it() --include "*/" --include "*.c" --exclude "*" would include all
1037 directories and C source files
1038 it() --include "foo/" --include "foo/bar.c" --exclude "*" would include
1039 only foo/bar.c (the foo/ directory must be explicitly included or
1040 it would be excluded by the "*")
1043 manpagesection(BATCH MODE)
1045 bf(Note:) Batch mode should be considered experimental in this version
1046 of rsync. The interface or behaviour may change before it stabilizes.
1048 Batch mode can be used to apply the same set of updates to many
1049 identical systems. Suppose one has a tree which is replicated on a
1050 number of hosts. Now suppose some changes have been made to this
1051 source tree and those changes need to be propagated to the other
1052 hosts. In order to do this using batch mode, rsync is run with the
1053 write-batch option to apply the changes made to the source tree to one
1054 of the destination trees. The write-batch option causes the rsync
1055 client to store the information needed to repeat this operation against
1056 other destination trees in a batch update fileset (see below). The
1057 filename of each file in the fileset starts with a prefix specified by
1058 the user as an argument to the write-batch option. This fileset is
1059 then copied to each remote host, where rsync is run with the read-batch
1060 option, again specifying the same prefix, and the destination tree.
1061 Rsync updates the destination tree using the information stored in the
1062 batch update fileset.
1064 The fileset consists of 4 files:
1067 it() bf(<prefix>.rsync_argvs) command-line arguments
1068 it() bf(<prefix>.rsync_flist) rsync internal file metadata
1069 it() bf(<prefix>.rsync_csums) rsync checksums
1070 it() bf(<prefix>.rsync_delta) data blocks for file update & change
1073 The .rsync_argvs file contains a command-line suitable for updating a
1074 destination tree using that batch update fileset. It can be executed
1075 using a Bourne(-like) shell, optionally passing in an alternate
1076 destination tree pathname which is then used instead of the original
1077 path. This is useful when the destination tree path differs from the
1078 original destination tree path.
1080 Generating the batch update fileset once saves having to perform the
1081 file status, checksum and data block generation more than once when
1082 updating multiple destination trees. Multicast transport protocols can
1083 be used to transfer the batch update files in parallel to many hosts at
1084 once, instead of sending the same data to every host individually.
1089 $ rsync --write-batch=pfx -a /source/dir/ /adest/dir/
1090 $ rcp pfx.rsync_* remote:
1091 $ ssh remote rsync --read-batch=pfx -a /bdest/dir/
1093 $ ssh remote ./pfx.rsync_argvs /bdest/dir/
1096 In this example, rsync is used to update /adest/dir/ with /source/dir/
1097 and the information to repeat this operation is stored in the files
1098 pfx.rsync_*. These files are then copied to the machine named "remote".
1099 Rsync is then invoked on "remote" to update /bdest/dir/ the same way as
1100 /adest/dir/. The last line shows the rsync_argvs file being used to
1105 The read-batch option expects the destination tree it is meant to update
1106 to be identical to the destination tree that was used to create the
1107 batch update fileset. When a difference between the destination trees
1108 is encountered the update will fail at that point, leaving the
1109 destination tree in a partially updated state. In that case, rsync can
1110 be used in its regular (non-batch) mode of operation to fix up the
1113 The rsync version used on all destinations should be identical to the
1114 one used on the original destination.
1116 The -z/--compress option does not work in batch mode and yields a usage
1117 error. A separate compression tool can be used instead to reduce the
1118 size of the batch update files for transport to the destination.
1120 The -n/--dryrun option does not work in batch mode and yields a runtime
1123 See bf(http://www.ils.unc.edu/i2dsi/unc_rsync+.html) for papers and technical
1126 manpagesection(SYMBOLIC LINKS)
1128 Three basic behaviours are possible when rsync encounters a symbolic
1129 link in the source directory.
1131 By default, symbolic links are not transferred at all. A message
1132 "skipping non-regular" file is emitted for any symlinks that exist.
1134 If bf(--links) is specified, then symlinks are recreated with the same
1135 target on the destination. Note that bf(--archive) implies
1138 If bf(--copy-links) is specified, then symlinks are "collapsed" by
1139 copying their referent, rather than the symlink.
1141 rsync also distinguishes "safe" and "unsafe" symbolic links. An
1142 example where this might be used is a web site mirror that wishes
1143 ensure the rsync module they copy does not include symbolic links to
1144 bf(/etc/passwd) in the public section of the site. Using
1145 bf(--copy-unsafe-links) will cause any links to be copied as the file
1146 they point to on the destination. Using bf(--safe-links) will cause
1147 unsafe links to be omitted altogether.
1149 Symbolic links are considered unsafe if they are absolute symlinks
1150 (start with bf(/)), empty, or if they contain enough bf("..")
1151 components to ascend from the directory being copied.
1153 manpagesection(DIAGNOSTICS)
1155 rsync occasionally produces error messages that may seem a little
1156 cryptic. The one that seems to cause the most confusion is "protocol
1157 version mismatch - is your shell clean?".
1159 This message is usually caused by your startup scripts or remote shell
1160 facility producing unwanted garbage on the stream that rsync is using
1161 for its transport. The way to diagnose this problem is to run your
1162 remote shell like this:
1165 ssh remotehost /bin/true > out.dat
1168 then look at out.dat. If everything is working correctly then out.dat
1169 should be a zero length file. If you are getting the above error from
1170 rsync then you will probably find that out.dat contains some text or
1171 data. Look at the contents and try to work out what is producing
1172 it. The most common cause is incorrectly configured shell startup
1173 scripts (such as .cshrc or .profile) that contain output statements
1174 for non-interactive logins.
1176 If you are having trouble debugging include and exclude patterns, then
1177 try specifying the -vv option. At this level of verbosity rsync will
1178 show why each individual file is included or excluded.
1180 manpagesection(EXIT VALUES)
1184 dit(bf(1)) Syntax or usage error
1185 dit(bf(2)) Protocol incompatibility
1186 dit(bf(3)) Errors selecting input/output files, dirs
1187 dit(bf(4)) Requested action not supported: an attempt
1188 was made to manipulate 64-bit files on a platform that cannot support
1189 them; or an option was specifed that is supported by the client and
1191 dit(bf(5)) Error starting client-server protocol
1192 dit(bf(10)) Error in socket I/O
1193 dit(bf(11)) Error in file I/O
1194 dit(bf(12)) Error in rsync protocol data stream
1195 dit(bf(13)) Errors with program diagnostics
1196 dit(bf(14)) Error in IPC code
1197 dit(bf(20)) Received SIGUSR1 or SIGINT
1198 dit(bf(21)) Some error returned by waitpid()
1199 dit(bf(22)) Error allocating core memory buffers
1200 dit(bf(23)) Partial transfer due to error
1201 dit(bf(24)) Partial transfer due to vanished source files
1202 dit(bf(30)) Timeout in data send/receive
1205 manpagesection(ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES)
1209 dit(bf(CVSIGNORE)) The CVSIGNORE environment variable supplements any
1210 ignore patterns in .cvsignore files. See the --cvs-exclude option for
1213 dit(bf(RSYNC_RSH)) The RSYNC_RSH environment variable allows you to
1214 override the default shell used as the transport for rsync. Command line
1215 options are permitted after the command name, just as in the -e option.
1217 dit(bf(RSYNC_PROXY)) The RSYNC_PROXY environment variable allows you to
1218 redirect your rsync client to use a web proxy when connecting to a
1219 rsync daemon. You should set RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair.
1221 dit(bf(RSYNC_PASSWORD)) Setting RSYNC_PASSWORD to the required
1222 password allows you to run authenticated rsync connections to an rsync
1223 daemon without user intervention. Note that this does not supply a
1224 password to a shell transport such as ssh.
1226 dit(bf(USER) or bf(LOGNAME)) The USER or LOGNAME environment variables
1227 are used to determine the default username sent to an rsync server.
1228 If neither is set, the username defaults to "nobody".
1230 dit(bf(HOME)) The HOME environment variable is used to find the user's
1231 default .cvsignore file.
1237 /etc/rsyncd.conf or rsyncd.conf
1243 manpagediagnostics()
1247 times are transferred as unix time_t values
1249 When transferring to FAT filesystems rsync may resync
1251 See the comments on the --modify-window option.
1253 file permissions, devices, etc. are transferred as native numerical
1256 see also the comments on the --delete option
1258 Please report bugs! See the website at
1259 url(http://rsync.samba.org/)(http://rsync.samba.org/)
1261 manpagesection(CREDITS)
1263 rsync is distributed under the GNU public license. See the file
1264 COPYING for details.
1266 A WEB site is available at
1267 url(http://rsync.samba.org/)(http://rsync.samba.org/). The site
1268 includes an FAQ-O-Matic which may cover questions unanswered by this
1271 The primary ftp site for rsync is
1272 url(ftp://rsync.samba.org/pub/rsync)(ftp://rsync.samba.org/pub/rsync).
1274 We would be delighted to hear from you if you like this program.
1276 This program uses the excellent zlib compression library written by
1277 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler.
1279 manpagesection(THANKS)
1281 Thanks to Richard Brent, Brendan Mackay, Bill Waite, Stephen Rothwell
1282 and David Bell for helpful suggestions, patches and testing of rsync.
1283 I've probably missed some people, my apologies if I have.
1285 Especial thanks also to: David Dykstra, Jos Backus, Sebastian Krahmer,
1286 Martin Pool, Wayne Davison.
1290 rsync was originally written by Andrew Tridgell and Paul Mackerras.
1291 Many people have later contributed to it.
1293 Mailing lists for support and development are available at
1294 url(http://lists.samba.org)(lists.samba.org)